SYLLABI

TRAVELINFO

|POST-TRAVEL

	FOREWORD
	Introduction 1 General 2 Pathogenic organisms 3 Transmission 4 Botany and Zoology 5 Parasite genome initiatives 6 Clinical picture 7 Diagnosis 8 Treatment 9 Prevention 10 Useful manuals: Tropical medicine
	Malaria 1 Summary 2 General 2.1 General, genus Plasmodium 2.2 General, subtypes 2.3 General, malaria in animals 3 History 3.1 History, discovery of the parasite 3.2 History, staining methods 3.3 History, discovery of transmission 4 The malaria genome sequencing project 5 Life Cycle of parasites 6 Geographical distribution 7 Epidemiological classification - stable versus unstable malaria 8 Vector 8.1 Vector, Anopheles mosquitoes 8.2 Vector, Anopheles larvae and pupae 8.3 Vector, ecological habitat of the Anopheles mosquito 8.4 Vector, mosquito diet 8.5 Vector, sensitivity of the mosquito to infection with plasmodia 8.6 Vector, biting behaviour of mosquitoes 8.7 Vector, how does the mosquito find her prey? 8.8 Vector, resistance to insecticides in malaria vectors 8.9 Vector, examples of important vectors 8.10 Vector, extrinsic incubation period of the parasite 9 Physiopathology 10 Clinical picture 10.1 Clinical picture, classic acute uncomplicated attack 10.2 Clinical picture, the natural course of malaria in the autochthonous population 10.3 Clinical picture, acute severe malaria 10.4 Clinical picture, chronic falciparum malaria 10.5 Clinical picture, Hyperreactive Malarial Splenomegaly (HMS) 10.6 Clinical picture, Burkitt’s lymphoma 10.7 Clinical picture, nephrotic syndrome in P. malariae 11 Diagnosis 11.1 Diagnosis, general 11.2 Diagnosis, clinical aspects 11.3 Diagnosis, microscopy 11.3.1 Thick smear 11.3.2 Thin blood smear 11.3.3 QBC (Quantitative Buffy Coat) 11.4 Diagnosis, antigen detection 11.5 Diagnosis, serology 11.6 Diagnosis, indirect aspects 11.7 Diagnosis, test therapy 12 Treatment 12.1 Treatment, specific anti-malaria drugs 12.1.1 General 12.2 Treatment, overview 12.3 Treatment, anti-malaria drugs 12.3.1 Quinine 12.3.2 Chloroquine 12.3.3 Amodiaquine 12.3.4 Pyrimethamine with or without sulphonamides 12.3.5 Mefloquine (Lariam®, Mephaquin®, Eloquine®) 12.3.6 Halofantrine (Halfan®) 12.3.7 Qinghaosu and Artemisinin derivatives 12.3.8 Lumefantrine 12.3.9 Primaquine 12.3.10 Etaquine or tafenoquine 12.3.11 Proguanil (Paludrine®) and chlorproguanil (Lapudrine®) 12.3.12 Malarone 12.3.13 Miscellaneous products 12.4 Treatment, brief survey of side effects 12.5 Treatment, drug resistance 13 Prevention 13.1 Prevention, external agents 13.2 Prevention, taking pills 13.3 Prevention, vaccination 13.4 Prevention, vector control 13.4.1 General 13.4.2 Biological control 13.4.3 Genetic control (experimental) 13.5 Examples of malaria control measures 14 Exercices
	African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness 1 Summary 2 General 3 History 4 Parasite 4.1 Parasite, general 4.2 Parasite, kinetoplast 4.3 Parasite, polyamine metabolism 4.4 Parasite, sex? 4.5 Parasite, antigenic variation 4.6 Parasite, flagellar pocket 4.7 Parasite, lysis by serum 4.8 Parasite, plastid-related genes 5 Life cycle of trypanosomes 6 Reservoir 7 Vector 7.1 Vector, general 7.2 Vector, West African trypanosomiasis 7.3 Vector, East African trypanosomiasis 8 Clinical 8.1 Clinical, infection by T.b. gambiense 8.1.1 Inoculation 8.1.2 Haematolymphatic stage 8.1.3 Meningoencephalopathic stage 8.2 Clinical, infection by T.b. rhodesiense 9 Diagnosis 9.1 Diagnosis, detection of parasites 9.2 Diagnosis, serology 9.3 Diagnosis, clinical 9.4 Diagnosis, IgM in cerebrospinal fluid 10 Treatment 10.1 Treatment, general 10.2 Treatment, drugs that do not penetrate into the brain 10.3 Treatment, drugs that penetrate into the brain 10.4 Treatment, summary 10.5 Medication, summary 10.6 Medications, seldom used 10.7 Treatment, follow-up 11 Prevention and control 12 Exercises
	Chagas’ disease 1 Summary 2 Introduction 3 Distribution 4 Reservoir 5 Transmission 6 Vectors 7 Parasite 8 Clinical course 8.1 Clinical course, infection 8.2 Clinical course, acute stage 8.3 Clinical course, latent period 8.4 Clinical course, chronic phase 8.4.1 Chronic heart problems 8.4.2 Oesophagus and colon problems 8.4.3 The nervous system 8.5 Clinical course, congenital infection 9 Diagnosis 10 Differential diagnosis 11 Prognosis 12 Treatment 12.1 Treatment, clinical situations 12.2 Treatment, drugs 13 Prevention 13.1 Prevention, diverse methods 13.2 Prevention, National Chagas’ Control Program of Brazil 13.3 Prevention, Southern Cone Initiative 13.4 Prevention, survey of control initiatives 14 Exercises
	Leishmaniasis 1 Summary 2 General 3 Classification 4 Distribution 5 Vector 6 Life cycle, Leishmania sp. 7 Historical note 7.1 Historical note, visceral leishmaniasis – Kala Azar 7.2 Historical note, discovery of the parasite 7.3 Historical note, transmission 7.4 Historical note, DDT 8 Visceral leishmaniasis – Kala Azar 8.1 Visceral leishmaniasis, distribution 8.2 Visceral leishmaniasis, clinical features 8.3 Visceral leishmaniasis, diagnosis 8.4 Visceral leishmaniasis, treatment 9 Cutaneous leishmaniasis 9.1 Cutaneous leishmaniasis, distribution 9.2 Cutaneous leishmaniasis, clinical features 9.3 Cutaneous leishmaniasis, diagnosis 9.4 Cutaneous leishmaniasis, treatment 10 Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis 10.1 Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, distribution 10.2 Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, clinical features 10.3 Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, diagnosis 10.4 Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, differential diagnosis 10.5 Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, treatment 10.6 Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, prevention 11 Exercices
	Amoebiasis 1 Summary 2 General 3 Life Cycle and transmission 4 Prevention 5 Intestinal amoebiasis 5.1 Intestinal amoebiasis, clinical features 5.2 Intestinal amoebiasis, diagnosis 5.3 Intestinal amoebiasis, differential diagnosis 5.4 Intestinal amoebiasis, treatment 6 Hepatic amoebiasis 6.1 Hepatic amoebiasis, general 6.2 Hepatic amoebiasis, clinical aspects 6.3 Hepatic amoebiasis, diagnosis 6.4 Hepatic amoebiasis, differential diagnosis 6.5 Hepatic amoebiasis, treatment 7 Amoebiasis of other organs 8 Exercises
	Giardiasis 1 Summary 2 General 3 History 4 Taxonomy 5 Life Cycle of Giardia 6 Pathogenicity 7 Clinical aspects 8 Diagnosis 9 Treatment 10 Prevention
	Infection with various other protozoa 1 Non-E. histolytica intestinal amoebae 2 Free-living amoebae 2.1 Free-living amoebae, Naegleria fowleri 2.2 Free-living amoebae, Balamuthia mandrillaris 2.3 Free-living amoebae, Acanthamoeba sp. 3 Balantidium coli 4 Cryptosporidiosis 5 Isosporosis 6 Sarcocystosis 6.1 Sarcocystosis, general 6.2 Sarcocystosis, intestinal sarcocystosis 6.3 Sarcocystosis, muscular sarcocystosis 7 Cyclospora cayetanensis 8 Microsporidiosis 8.1 Microsporidiosis, general 8.2 Microsporidiosis, ultrastructure 8.3 Microsporidiosis, transmission 8.4 Microsporidiosis, clinical aspects 8.5 Microsporidiosis, diagnosis 8.6 Microsporidiosis, treatment 9 Blastocystosis 10 Myxozoan parasites 11 Rhinosporidiosis 12 Protothecosis 13 Babesiosis 13.1 Babesiosis, general 13.2 Babesiosis, transmission 13.3 Babesiosis, geographical distribution 13.4 Babesiosis, clinical aspects 13.5 Babesiosis, diagnosis 13.6 Babesiosis, treatment 13.7 Babesiosis, prevention
	Cholera 1 Summary 2 General 3 Epidemiology 3.1 Epidemics, Pandemics 3.2 John Snow and the importance of contaminated water 4 Transmission 5 Reservoir 6 Physiopathology 7 Toxins 8 Clinical aspects 9 Diagnosis 10 Treatment 11 Prevention 12 Exercises
	Tropical sprue 1 General 2 Clinical aspects 3 Diagnosis 4 Differential diagnosis 5 Treatment
	Diarrhoea in the tropics 1 Summary 2 General 3 Aetiology 3.1 Aetiology, general 3.2 Aetiology, acute bloody diarrhoea with fever 3.3 Aetiology, acute bloody diarrhoea but little or no fever 3.4 Aetiology, acute non-bloody diarrhoea with fever 3.5 Aetiology, acute non-bloody diarrhoea with little or no fever 3.6 Aetiology, chronic non-bloody diarrhoea with fever 3.7 Aetiology, chronic non-bloody diarrhoea without fever 3.8 Aetiology, chronic bloody diarrhoea without fever 3.9 Aetiology, chronic fatty diarrhoea 4 Assessment of a patient with diarrhoea 4.1 Assessment of a patient with diarrhoea, medical history 4.2 Assessment of a patient with diarrhoea, physical examination 5 Treatment 5.1 Treatment, general 5.2 Treatment, in practice 5.3 Treatment, medication 6 Prevention 7 Exercises
	HIV and AIDS 1 Summary 2 Introduction 2.1 Introduction, general 2.2 Introduction, origin and subtypes 2.3 Introduction, impact 2.4 Introduction, evolution of the epidemic 2.5 Introduction, recent data on the spread of AIDS 3 Transmission 3.1 Transmission, general 3.2 Transmission, sexual transmission 3.3 Transmission, contamination of medical material 3.4 Transmission, intravenous drug abuse 3.5 Transmission, blood transfusions 3.6 Transmission, mother-to-child transmission 4 Pathogenesis 5 Early clinical manifestations 6 Late clinical manifestations 6.1 Late clinical manifestations, opportunistic infections 6.2 Late clinical manifestations, gastrointestinal system 6.3 Late clinical manifestations, liver - pancreas 6.4 Late clinical manifestations, fever 6.5 Late clinical manifestations, respiratory 6.5.1 General 6.5.2 Pneumocystis carinii 6.6 Late clinical manifestations, neurological 6.6.1 AIDS dementia 6.6.2 Vacuolar myelopathy 6.6.3 Toxoplasmosis 6.6.4 Cryptococcal meningitis 6.6.5 Tuberculous meningitis 6.6.6 Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy 6.6.7 Various neurological problems 6.7 Kaposi’s Sarcoma 6.8 Late clinical manifestations, cutaneous problems 6.8.1 Herpes simplex 6.8.2 Herpes zoster 6.8.3 Late clinical manifestations, Penicillium marneffei 6.8.4 Late clinical manifestations, various cutaneous problems 6.9 Late clinical manifestations, ocular abnormalities 6.9.1 Anterior segment 6.9.2 Posterior segment 6.10 Late clinical manifestations, slim disease and other problems 7 Surveillance (epidemiological monitoring) 8 Diagnosis of HIV-infection 9 Treatment 9.1 Treatment, general 9.2 Treatment, antiviral agents 9.2.1 Reverse transcriptase inhibitors 9.2.2 Fusion inhibitors 9.2.3 Protease inhibitors 9.2.4 Other 9.3 Treatment, therapeutic schemes 9.4 Treatment, reduction of the viral load 9.5 Treatment, interactions 9.5.1 Safe to use in combination with HAART 9.5.2 Cytochrome 450 9.5.3 Treatment, cytochrome P450 inhibition 9.5.4 Treatment, enzyme induction 9.6 Treatment, resistance tests 9.6.1 When to perform resistance testing? 9.6.2 Techniques 9.7 Treatment, summary of antiviral anti-HIV drugs 10 Opportunistic infections, treatment 10.1 Opportunistic infections, general treatment 10.2 Opportunistic infections, treatment of Pneumocystis carinii 10.3 Opportunistic infections, treatment of Toxoplasma gondii 10.4 Opportunistic infections, treatment of Isospora belli 10.5 Opportunistic infections, treatment of candidiasis 10.6 Opportunistic infections, treatment of cryptococcosis 10.7 Opportunistic infections, treatment of blastomycosis 10.8 Opportunistic infections, treatment of Herpes simplex 10.9 Opportunistic infections, treatment of Herpes Zoster 10.10 Opportunistic infections, treatment of Cytomegalovirus 10.11 Opportunistic infections, treatment of tuberculosis 10.12 Opportunistic infections, cancers 10.13 Opportunistic infections, vaccinations 10.14 Opportunistic infections, survey of a few preventive schemes 11 Prevention 11.1 Prevention, general 11.2 Prevention, sexual transmission 11.3 Prevention, transmission via blood and contaminated needles 11.4 Prevention, mother-to-child transmission 11.5 Prevention, prophylaxis after exposure: PEP 12 Exercises
	Arboviruses 1 Summary 2 General 2.1 General, introduction 2.2 General, brief overview of a number of viruses 2.3 General, clinical presentation 2.4 General, description of an atypical arbovirosis 3 Dengue 3.1.1 Dengue, summary 3.2 Dengue, transmission 3.3 Dengue, vectors 3.4 Dengue, epidemiology 3.5 Dengue, reservoir 3.6 Dengue, clinical course 3.7 Dengue, diagnosis 3.8 Dengue, treatment 3.9 Dengue, prevention 4 Yellow fever 4.1 Yellow fever, summary 4.2 Yellow fever, general 4.3 Yellow fever, historical note 4.4 Yellow fever, vectors and transmission 4.5 Yellow fever, recent developments 4.6 Yellow fever, zoonosis 4.7 Yellow fever, epidemiology 4.8 Yellow fever, clinical presentation 4.9 Yellow fever, diagnosis 4.10 Yellow fever, differential diagnosis 4.11 Yellow fever, treatment 4.12 Yellow fever, prevention 5 Rift Valley Fever 5.1 Rift Valley Fever, summary 5.2 Rift Valley Fever, virus 5.3 Rift Valley Fever, zoonosis 5.4 Rift Valley Fever, area of distribution 5.5 Rift Valley Fever, transmission 5.6 Rift Valley Fever, clinical presentation 5.7 Rift Valley Fever, diagnosis 5.8 Rift Valley Fever, differential diagnosis 5.9 Rift Valley Fever, treatment 5.10 Rift Valley Fever, control 6 Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever 6.1 Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, general 6.2 Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, transmission 6.3 Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, symptoms 6.4 Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, diagnosis 6.5 Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, treatment 6.6 Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, prevention 7 Kyasanur Forest disease 8 Japanese Encephalitis 8.1 Japanese Encephalitis, summary 8.2 Japanese Encephalitis, general 8.3 Japanese Encephalitis, transmission and reservoir 8.4 Japanese Encephalitis, clinical presentation 8.5 Japanese Encephalitis, prevention 8.5.1 Japanese encephalitis, vaccin 8.5.2 Japanese Encephalitis, biological vector control 9 Nipah virus 10 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis 10.1 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, summary 10.2 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, general 10.3 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, clinical presentation 10.4 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, prevention 11 Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis 12 West Nile Fever 12.1 West Nile Fever, summary 12.2 West Nile Fever, virus 12.3 West Nile Fever, transmission 12.4 West Nile Fever, reservoir 12.5 West Nile Fever, geographical distribution 12.6 West Nile Fever, clinical presentation 12.7 West Nile Fever, epidemics 12.8 West Nile Fever, diagnosis 12.9 West Nile Fever, differential diagnosis 12.10 West Nile Fever, treatment 12.11 West Nile Fever, surveillance 12.12 West Nile Fever, prevention 13 Vectors of Exotic Viruses 14 Routes of viral transmission 15 Reservoirs of exotic viruses 16 Differential diagnosis of arboviral infections, by symptoms 17 Arboviral infections: overview 18 Exercises
	Arenaviruses 1 Summary 2 General 3 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus 4 Lassa fever 4.1 Lassa fever, Lassa virus 4.2 Lassa fever, clinical aspects 4.3 Lassa fever, diagnosis 4.4 Lassa fever, treatment 4.5 Lassa fever, prevention 5 New World arenaviruses 5.1 New World arenaviruses, general 5.2 New World arenaviruses, transmission 5.3 New World arenaviruses, clinical aspects 5.4 New World arenaviruses, treatment 5.5 New World arenaviruses, prevention
	Hantaviruses 1 Summary 2 General 3 Transmission 4 Spread 5 Clinical 6 Diagnosis 7 Treatment 8 Prevention 9 Rodents 9.1 Rodents, general 9.2 Rodents, medical significance 9.3 Rodents, economic significance 9.4 Rodents, importance in research 9.5 Rodents, anatomy 9.6 Rodents, taxonomy 9.7 Rodents, rodent reservoir studies 9.8 Rodents, genera 9.8.1 Apodemus 9.8.2 Arvicola 9.8.3 Clethrionomys 9.8.4 Mastomys 9.8.5 Microtus 9.8.6 Mus 9.8.7 Ondatra 9.8.8 Peromyscus 9.8.9 Rattus 9.8.10 Tatera 9.9 Rodents, rodent control 9.10 General guidelines for preventing contact with rodents
	Filoviruses 1 General 2 Marburg virus 3 Ebola virus 3.1 Ebola virus, general 3.2 Ebola virus, transmission 3.3 Ebola virus, clinical symptoms 3.4 Ebola virus, diagnosis 3.5 Ebola virus, treatment 3.6 Ebola virus, what to do in the event of an Ebola outbreak?
	Poliomyelitis 1 Summary 2 General 3 Pathophysiology 4 Clinical features 5 Post-poliomyelitis syndrome 6 Diagnosis 7 Treatment 8 Prevention 8.1 Prevention, general 8.2 Prevention, vaccines 8.3 Prevention, risks of vaccination vs non-vaccination 8.4 Prevention, comparison of vaccines 9 Future 10 Exercises
	Rabies 1 Summary 2 General 3 Transmission 4 Pathogenesis 5 Clinical features 5.1 Clinical features, general 5.2 Clinical features, furious rabies 5.3 Clinical features, paralytic rabies 6 Diagnosis 7 Rabies in the animal 8 Treatment 9 Prevention 10 Vaccine, historical note 11 Exercises
	HTLV-1 infection 1 Summary 2 General 3 History 4 Transmission 5 Clinical aspects 5.1 Clinical aspects, general 5.2 Clinical aspects, latent infection 5.3 Clinical aspects, lymphoma (ATL) 5.4 Clinical aspects, HTLV-1 associated myelopathy 5.5 Clinical aspects, miscellaneous 6 Differential diagnosis 7 Diagnosis 8 Treatment 9 Prevention
	Pox diseases 1 Summary 2 Pox viruses 3 Smallpox (variola) 3.1 Smallpox, general 3.2 Smallpox, historical 3.3 Smallpox, virus 3.4 Smallpox, clinical features 3.5 Smallpox, differential diagnosis 3.6 Smallpox, diagnosis 3.7 Smallpox, treatment 3.8 Smallpox, prevention 3.8.1 General 3.8.2 Vaccinia 3.8.3 Vaccination 3.8.4 Complications 4 Cowpox 5 Monkeypox 5.1 Monkeypox, general 5.2 Monkeypox, clinical features 6 Tanapox 7 Camelpox 8 Molluscum contagiosum 9 Orf, paravaccinia and related viruses
	Tuberculosis 1 Summary 2 General 3 Present situation 4 Koch’s bacillus 5 Transmission 6 Course of infection 7 Clinical aspects 7.1 Clinical aspects, general 7.2 Clinical aspects, pulmonary tuberculosis 7.3 Clinical aspects, pleura 7.4 Clinical aspects, pericardium 7.5 Clinical aspects, miliary tuberculosis 7.6 Clinical aspects, meninges 7.7 Clinical aspects, kidney 7.8 Clinical aspects, bone 7.9 Clinical aspects, peritoneum 7.10 Clinical aspects, intestines 7.11 Clinical aspects, lymph nodes 7.12 Clinical aspects, skin 8 Diagnosis 8.1 Diagnosis, general 8.2 Diagnosis, microscopy 8.3 Diagnosis, culture 8.4 Diagnosis, radiology 8.5 Diagnosis, Mantoux 8.6 Diagnosis, biopsy 8.7 Diagnosis, adenosine deaminase 8.8 PCR and MIRP 8.9 Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) 8.10 Diagnosis, ELISPOT assay and experimental tests 8.11 Diagnosis, problem cases 9 Treatment 9.1 Treatment, general 9.2 Treatment, latent tuberculosis 9.3 Treatment, survey of medication 9.4 Treatment, examples of regimens 9.5 Treatment, problems with therapy compliance 10 Prevention 10.1 Prevention, vaccination 10.2 Prevention, passive testing 10.3 Prevention, active testing 10.4 Prevention, medical staff and multiresistance 11 Exercises
	Leprosy 1 Summary 2 General 3 Historical 4 Mycobacterium leprae 5 Mycobacterial culture 6 Transmission 7 Physiopathology 8 Leprosy classification 9 Clinical aspects 9.1 Clinical aspects, indeterminate leprosy 9.2 Clinical aspects, tuberculoid leprosy 9.3 Clinical aspects, borderline leprosy 9.4 Clinical aspects, lepromatous leprosy 9.5 Clinical aspects, specific problems 9.5.1 Blindness 9.5.2 Mutilations 9.5.3 Leprosy reactions 10 Diagnosis 10.1 Diagnosis, general 10.2 Diagnosis, clinical aspects 10.2.1 Skin lesions 10.2.2 Diminished sensitivity (numbness) 10.2.3 Thickening of superficial nerves 10.2.4 Neural dysfunction 10.2.5 Electromyography 10.3 Diagnosis, microscopy 10.3.1 Acid fast bacilli in smear 10.3.2 Biopsy 10.3.3 Lepromine 10.3.4 LTT 10.3.5 Serology 10.3.6 PCR 10.3.7 Culture 11 Differential diagnosis 12 Therapy 12.1 Historical 12.2 Dapsone 12.3 Rifampicin 12.4 Clofazimine (Lamprene®) 12.5 Other 12.6 Typical regimens 12.7 New experimental regimens 12.8 Pregnancy and lactation 13 Prevention 14 History of dapsone and dyes 15 Exercises
	Miscellaneous skin diseases 1 Buruli ulcer 1.1 Buruli ulcer, summary 1.2 Buruli ulcer, history and geographical distribution 1.3 Buruli ulcer, aetiology 1.4 Buruli ulcer, pathology 1.5 Buruli ulcer, clinical features 1.6 Buruli ulcer, diagnosis 1.7 Buruli ulcer, differential diagnosis 1.8 Buruli ulcer, prognosis 1.9 Buruli ulcer, treatment 1.10 Buruli ulcer, prevention 2 Mycobacterium marinum 3 Tropical ulcer 3.1 Tropical ulcer, summary 3.2 Tropical ulcer, introduction 3.3 Tropical ulcer, clinical features 3.4 Skin ulcer, differential diagnosis 3.5 Tropical ulcer, prognosis and social importance 3.6 Tropical ulcer, treatment 3.7 Tropical ulcer, prevention 4 Noma 5 Ainhum (Dactylolysis spontanea) 6 Keloids 7 Endemic pemphigus foliaceus ("Brazilian pemphigus") 7.1 Endemic pemphigus foliaceus, general 7.2 Clinical variants of pemphigus 7.3 Endemic pemphigus foliaceus: clinical 7.4 Endemic pemphigus foliaceus, diagnosis 7.5 Endemic pemphigus foliaceus, differential diagnosis 7.6 Endemic pemphigus foliaceus, treatment
	Treponematoses 1 Summary 2 General 3 Venereal syphilis 3.1 Venereal syphilis, general 3.2 Venereal syphilis, course of the disease 3.3 Venereal syphilis, diagnosis 3.4 Venereal syphilis, treatment 4 Congenital syphilis 5 Non-venereal syphilis, bejel, njovera or treponarid 6 Framboesia or Yaws or Pian 6.1 Framboesia, general 6.2 Framboesia, clinical presentation 6.3 Framboesia tropica, treatment 7 Pinta 8 Overview 9 Prevention 10 Note: The concept of disease transmission 11 Exercises
	Borreliosis 1 Relapsing fever 1.1 Relapsing fever, summary 1.2 Recurring fever, general 1.3 Louse-borne borreliosis 1.4 Endemic relapsing fever 1.5 Relapsing fever, clinical data 1.6 Relapsing fever, diagnosis 1.7 Relapsing fever, treatment 1.8 Relapsing fever, prevention 2 Lyme disease 2.1 Lyme disease, general 2.2 Lyme disease, transmission 2.3 Lyme disease, clinical 2.4 Lyme disease, diagnosis 2.5 Lyme disease, treatment 2.6 Lyme disease, prevention 3 Borrelia vincenti
	Leptospirosis 1 Summary 2 General 3 Taxonomy 4 Transmission 5 Course of the disease 6 Clinical aspects 7 Diagnosis 8 Differential diagnosis 9 Treatment 10 Prevention 11 Exercises
	Rat bite fever 1 Summary 2 General 3 Haverhill fever 3.1 Haverhill fever, clinical 3.2 Haverhill fever, differential diagnosis 3.3 Rat bite fever - Haverhill fever, diagnosis 4 Rat bite fever, Sodoku 4.1 Rat bite fever - Sodoku, clinical course 4.2 Rat bite fever - Sodoku, diagnosis
	Tetanus 1 Summary 2 General 3 Neurotoxin 4 Clinical aspects 5 Diagnosis 6 Differential diagnosis 7 Treatment 8 Prognosis 9 Prevention 10 Exercises
	Trachoma 1 Summary 2 General 3 History 4 Chlamydia trachomatis 5 Clinical presentation 6 Diagnosis 7 Treatment
	Typhoid fever 1 Summary 2 General 3 Bacterial structure 4 History 5 Military impact 6 Transmission 7 Physiopathology 8 Clinical 8.1 Clinical, early clinical 8.2 Clinical, clincial complications 8.3 Clinical, clinicial relapse 9 Diagnosis 9.1 Diagnosis, clinical arguments 9.2 Diagnosis, bacterial culture 9.3 Diagnosis, serology 9.4 Diagnosis, other arguments 10 Differential diagnosis 11 Treatment 12 Prevention 12.1 Prevention, hygiene 12.2 Prevention, vaccination 13 Exercises
	Rickettsioses and related infections 1 Rickettsioses 1.1 Summary 1.2 General 1.3 Overview 1.4 Transmission 1.4.1 Typhus transmission, general 1.4.2 Typhus transmission, via lice 1.4.3 Typhus transmission, via fleas 1.4.4 Typhus transmission, via ticks 1.4.5 Typhus transmission, via mites 1.5 Clinical features 1.5.1 Clinical features of typhus, general 1.5.2 Clinical features of epidemic typhus, scrub typhus and RMSF 1.5.3 Clinical features of endemic typhus and tick-borne rickettsioses 1.6 Diagnosis 1.6.1 Diagnosis, clinical 1.6.2 Diagnosis, serology 1.6.3 Diagnosis, culture 1.7 Treatment 1.8 Prevention 2 Q fever 2.1 General 2.2 Organism 2.3 Reservoir 2.4 Transmission 2.5 Clinical features 2.6 Antigenic variation 2.7 Diagnosis 2.8 Treatment 2.9 Prevention 3 Ehrlichia infections 4 Exercises
	Bartonellosis 1 Carrión’s disease 1.1 Carrión’s disease, summary 1.2 Carrión’s disease, introduction 1.3 Carrión’s disease, aetiology 1.4 Carrión’s disease, distribution 1.5 Carrión’s disease, transmission 1.6 Carrión’s disease, clinical presentation 2 Verruga peruviana 2.1 Verruga peruviana, introduction 2.2 Verruga peruviana, immunity 2.3 Verruga peruviana, diagnosis 2.4 Verruga peruviana, treatment 2.5 Verruga peruviana, control 3 Bartonella quintana 3.1 Bartonella quintana, general 3.2 Bartonella quintana, transmission 3.3 Bartonella quintana, clinical presentation 3.4 Bartonella quintana, diagnosis 3.5 Bartonella quintana, treatment 4 Cat-scratch disease 5 Other infections 6 Exercises
	Plague 1 Summary 2 General 3 Historical 4 Plague = plague? 5 Present situation 6 Transmission and epidemiology 7 Yersinia pestis 7.1 Yersinia pestis virulence factors 7.2 Yersina pestis biotypes 8 Clinical 8.1 Clinical, general 8.2 Clinical, bubonic plague 8.3 Clinical, septicaemic plague 8.4 Clinical, pneumonic plague 8.5 Clinical, oropharyngeal plague 9 Diagnosis 10 Differential diagnosis 11 Therapy 12 Surveillance 13 Prevention 14 Plague in India, 1994 15 Thucydides and "The Plague" 16 Exercises
	Anthrax 1 Summary 2 General 2.1 General, bacterium 2.2 General, Gram stain 2.3 General, toxin 2.4 General, spores 2.5 General, genome 3 Cutaneous anthrax 3.1 Cutaneous anthrax, clinical course 3.2 Cutaneous anthrax, differential diagnosis 3.3 Cutaneous anthrax, diagnosis 4 Pulmonary anthrax 5 Meningeal anthrax 6 Gastrointestinal anthrax 7 Treatment and prevention 8 Bioterrorism
	Brucellosis 1 General 2 Historical 3 Transmission 4 Clinical features 5 Diagnosis 6 Treatment 7 Prevention
	Melioidosis 1 General 2 Historical 3 Clinical features 4 Diagnosis 5 Treatment
	Tularaemia 1 Summary 2 General 3 Transmission 4 Clinical presentation 5 Differential diagnosis 6 Diagnosis 7 Treatment 8 Prevention
	Listeriosis 1 Summary 2 General 3 Transmission 4 Clinical presentation 5 Diagnosis 6 Listeriosis, Differential diagnosis 7 Treatment 8 Prevention
	Helminthiasis 1 Worms, Summary 2 Worms, General 3 Parasitism by worms 4 Worms, Life cycles 5 Worms, Transmission 5.1 Worms, Transmission, oral 5.2 Worms, Transmission, skin penetration 5.3 Worms, Transmission, via a vector 6 Worms, Localisation 6.1 Localisation in the intestine (adults) 6.2 Localisation in the lung 6.3 Localisation in the biliary tract (adults) 6.4 Localisation in the liver parenchyma 6.5 Localisation in muscle (larvae) 6.6 Localisation in the skin (larvae) 6.7 Larvae localisation in various deep tissues 6.8 Localisation of adult filaria in tissues or lymph 6.9 Localisation in the eye 6.10 Localisation in the brain 6.11 Localisation in the venous system 6.12 Localisation in the renal pyelum 6.13 Localisation, lung passage of worm larvae 7 Worms, Diagnosis 7.1 Diagnosis, general 7.2 Diagnosis, microscopic recognition of worm eggs 8 Intestinal nematodes 8.1 Intestinal nematodes: summary 8.2 Intestinal nematodes: Ascaris lumbricoides 8.2.1 Intestinal nematodes: Ascaris lumbricoides, summary 8.2.2 Intestinal nematodes: Ascaris lumbricoides, life cycle 8.2.3 Intestinal nematodes: Ascaris lumbricoides, epidemiology 8.2.4 Intestinal nematodes: Ascaris lumbricoides, symptoms 8.2.5 Intestinal nematodes: Ascaris lumbricoides, diagnosis 8.2.6 Intestinal nematodes: Ascaris lumbricoides, treatment 8.3 Intestinal nematodes: Trichuris trichiura or whipworm 8.3.1 Intestinal nematodes: Trichuris trichiura, summary 8.3.2 Intestinal nematodes: Trichuris trichiura, life cycle 8.3.3 Intestinal nematodes: Trichuris trichiura, symptoms 8.3.4 Intestinal nematodes: Trichuris trichiura, diagnosis 8.3.5 Intestinal nematodes: Trichuris trichiura, treatment 8.4 Intestinal nematodes: Enterobius vermicularis or oxyurids 8.4.1 Intestinal nematodes: Enterobius vermicularis, summary 8.4.2 Intestinal nematodes: Enterobius vermicularis, life cycle 8.4.3 Intestinal nematodes: Enterobius vermicularis, treatment 8.5 Intestinal nematodes: hookworms 8.5.1 Intestinal nematodes: hookworms, summary 8.5.2 Intestinal nematodes: hookworms, life cycle 8.5.3 Intestinal nematodes: hookworms, symptoms 8.5.4 Intestinal nematodes: hookworms, diagnosis 8.5.5 Intestinal nematodes: hookworms, differential diagnosis 8.5.6 Intestinal nematodes: hookworms, treatment 8.5.7 Intestinal nematodes: hookworms, prevention 8.6 Intestinal nematodes: oesophagostomiasis 8.7 Intestinal nematodes: Strongyloides stercoralis 8.7.1 Intestinal nematodes: Strongyloides stercoralis, summary 8.7.2 Intestinal nematodes: Strongyloides stercoralis, life cycle 8.7.3 Intestinal nematodes: Strongyloides stercoralis, symptoms 8.7.4 Intestinal nematodes: Strongyloides stercoralis, diagnosis 8.7.5 Intestinal nematodes: Strongyloides stercoralis, therapy 8.8 Pruritus caused by worms 8.9 Intestinal nematodes: Capillaria philippinensis 8.9.1 Intestinal nematodes: Capillaria philippinensis, summary 8.9.2 Intestinal nematodes: Capillaria philippinensis, life cycle 8.10 Capillaria philippinensis, diagnosis, treatment 9 Tissue nematodes 9.1 Tissue nematodes, Trichinella spiralis 9.1.1 Tissue nematodes, Trichinella spiralis, summary 9.1.2 Tissue nematodes, Trichinella spiralis, general 9.1.3 Tissue nematodes, Trichinella spiralis, historical aspects 9.1.4 Tissue nematodes, Trichinella spiralis, life cycle 9.1.5 Tissue nematodes, Trichinella spiralis, symptoms 9.1.6 Tissue nematodes, Trichinella spiralis, diagnosis 9.1.7 Tissue nematodes, Trichinella spiralis, differential diagnosis 9.1.8 Tissue nematodes, Trichinella spiralis, therapy 9.1.9 Tissue nematodes, Trichinella spiralis, prevention 10 Cestodes – Tapeworms 10.1 Cestodes: taeniasis 10.1.1 Cestodes: taeniasis, summary 10.1.2 Cestodes: taeniasis, life cycle 10.1.3 Cestodes: taeniasis, symptoms due to infection with an adult worm 10.1.4 Cestodes: taeniasis, diagnosis of infection with an adult worm. 10.1.5 Cestodes: taeniasis, treatment 10.2 Cestodes: cysticercosis 10.2.1 Cestodes: cysticercosis, summary 10.2.2 Cestodes: cysticercosis, general 10.2.3 Cestodes: cysticercosis, development 10.2.4 Cestodes: cysticercosis, symptoms 10.2.5 Cestodes: cysticercosis, diagnosis 10.2.6 Cestodes: cysticercosis, differential diagnosis 10.2.7 Cestodes: cysticercosis, treatment 10.3 Cestodes: cysticercosis, prevention 10.4 Cestodes: echinococcosis or hydatid cysts 10.4.1 Cestodes: echinococcosis, summary 10.4.2 Cestodes: echinococcosis, general 10.4.3 Cestodes: echinococcosis, symptoms 10.4.4 Cestodes: echinococcosis, diagnosis 10.4.5 Cestodes: echinococcosis, differential diagnosis 10.4.6 Cestodes: echinococcosis, therapy 10.4.7 Cestodes: echinococcosis, prevention 10.4.8 Cestodes: echinococcosis, Echinococcus multilocularis 10.5 Cestodes: infections with other Echinococcus species 10.6 Cestodes: infections with various larval tapeworms 11 Trematodes – Flukes 11.1 Trematodes: introduction 11.2 Trematodes: general morphology 11.3 Trematodes: general life cycle 11.4 Trematodes: localisation 11.5 Trematodes: intestinal flukes 11.6 Trematodes: lung flukes – Paragonimus sp. 11.6.1 Trematodes: Paragonimus sp., summary 11.6.2 Trematodes: Paragonimus sp., general 11.6.3 Trematodes: Paragonimus sp., life cycle 11.6.4 Trematodes: Paragonimus sp., symptoms 11.6.5 Trematodes: Paragonimus sp., diagnosis 11.6.6 Trematodes: Paragonimus sp., treatment 11.7 Trematodes: liver flukes (biliary tract flukes) 11.7.1 Trematodes: liver flukes: summary 11.7.2 Trematodes: liver flukes, Clonorchis, Opisthorchis and Metorchis 11.8 Trematodes: liver flukes: Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica 11.8.1 Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, general 11.8.2 Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, symptoms 11.8.3 Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, diagnosis 11.8.4 Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, differential diagnosis 11.8.5 Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, treatment 12 Other worm infections 12.1 Other worm infections: introduction 12.2 Other Nematodes 12.2.1 Nematodes, Agamomermis sp. 12.2.2 Nematodes, Anatrichosoma cutaneum 12.2.3 Nematodes, Angiostrongylus sp. 12.2.4 Nematodes, Anisakis sp. 12.2.5 Nematodes, Baylisascaris sp. 12.2.6 Nematodes, Capillaria hepatica 12.2.7 Nematodes, Cheilobus quadrilabiatus 12.2.8 Nematodes, Cheilospirura sp. 12.2.9 Nematodes, Dioctophyma renale 12.2.10 Nematodes, Diploscapter coronata 12.2.11 Nematodes, Eocoleus aerophilus 12.2.12 Nematodes, Eustrongylides sp. 12.2.13 Nematodes, Gnathostoma sp. 12.2.14 Nematodes, Gongylonema pulchrum 12.2.15 Nematodes, Haemonchus contortus 12.2.16 Nematodes, Halicephalobus gingivalis 12.2.17 Nematodes, Haycocknema perplexum 12.2.18 Nematodes, Lagochilascaris minor 12.2.19 Nematodes, Mammomonogamus sp. 12.2.20 Nematodes, Marshallagia marshalli 12.2.21 Nematodes, Mecistocirrus digitatus 12.2.22 Nematodes, Mermis nigriscens 12.2.23 Nematodes, Metastrongylus elongatus 12.2.24 Nematodes, Micronema deletrix 12.2.25 Nematodes, Nematodirus abnormalis 12.2.26 Nematodes, Ostertagia sp. 12.2.27 Nematodes, Parascaris equorum 12.2.28 Nematodes, Parastrongylus sp. 12.2.29 Nematodes, Pelodera sp. 12.2.30 Nematodes, Philometra sp. 12.2.31 Nematodes, Physaloptera sp. 12.2.32 Nematodes, Rhabditis sp. 12.2.33 Nematodes, Rictularia sp. 12.2.34 Nematodes, Spirocerca lupi 12.2.35 Nematodes, Syphacia obvelata 12.2.36 Nematodes, Ternidens deminutus 12.2.37 Nematodes, Thelazia sp. 12.2.38 Nematodes, Toxocara sp. 12.2.39 Nematodes, Trichostrongylus sp. 12.2.40 Nematodes, Trichuris vulpis 12.2.41 Nematodes Turbatrix aceti 12.3 Other Cestodes 12.3.1 Cestodes, Bertiella sp. 12.3.2 Cestodes, Diphyllobothrium sp. - sparganosis 12.3.3 Cestodes, Diplogonoporus sp. 12.3.4 Cestodes, Dipylidium caninum 12.3.5 Cestodes, Drepanidotaenia lanceolata 12.3.6 Cestodes, Hymenolepis diminuta 12.3.7 Cestodes, Hymenolepis nana 12.3.8 Cestodes, Inermicapsifer madagascariensis 12.3.9 Cestodes, Ligula intestinalis 12.3.10 Cestodes, Mathevotaenia symmetrica 12.3.11 Cestodes, Mesocestoides sp. 12.3.12 Cestodes, Monieza expansa 12.3.13 Cestodes, Multiceps sp. - Coenurus 12.3.14 Cestodes, Nybelinia surmenicola 12.3.15 Cestodes, Pyramicocephalus anthocephalus 12.3.16 Cestodes, Raillietina sp. 12.3.17 Cestodes, Schistocephalus solidus 12.3.18 Cestodes, Spirometra sp. 12.3.19 Cestodes, Taenia taeniaeformis and related sp. 12.4 Other Trematodes 12.4.1 Trematodes, Achillurbainia sp. 12.4.2 Trematodes, Alaria sp. 12.4.3 Trematodes, Apophallus donicus 12.4.4 Trematodes, Artyfechinostomum sp. 12.4.5 Trematodes, Carneophallus brevicaeca 12.4.6 Trematodes, Cathaemasia cabrerai 12.4.7 Trematodes, Centrocestus sp. 12.4.8 Trematodes, Clinostomum complanatum 12.4.9 Trematodes, Clonorchis sinensis 12.4.10 Trematodes, Cryptocotyle lingua 12.4.11 Trematodes, Dicrocoelium sp. 12.4.12 Trematodes, Diorchitrema sp. 12.4.13 Trematodes, Diplostomum spathaceum 12.4.14 Trematodes, Echinochasmus sp. 12.4.15 Trematodes, Echinoparyphium recurvatum 12.4.16 Trematodes, Echinostoma sp. 12.4.17 Trematodes, Episthmium caninum 12.4.18 Trematodes, Eurytrema pancreaticum 12.4.19 Trematodes, Fasciolopsis buski 12.4.20 Trematodes, Fibricola sp. 12.4.21 Trematodes, Gastrodiscoides hominis 12.4.22 Trematodes, Gymnophalloides sp. 12.4.23 Trematodes, Haplorchis sp. 12.4.24 Trematodes, Heterophyes sp. 12.4.25 Trematodes, Heterophyopsis continua 12.4.26 Trematodes, Himasthla muehlensi 12.4.27 Trematodes, Hypoderaeum conoideum 12.4.28 Trematodes, Isoparorchis hypselobagri 12.4.29 Trematodes, Metagonimus sp. 12.4.30 Trematodes, Metorchis sp. 12.4.31 Trematodes, Microphallus minus 12.4.32 Trematodes, Nanophyetus sp. 12.4.33 Trematodes, Neodiplostomum seoulensis 12.4.34 Trematodes, Opisthorchis sp. 12.4.35 Trematodes, Paryphostomum sufrartyfex 12.4.36 Trematodes, Phaneropsolus sp. 12.4.37 Trematodes, Philophthalmus lacrymosus 12.4.38 Trematodes, Plagiorchis sp. 12.4.39 Trematodes, Poikilorchis congolensis 12.4.40 Trematodes, Procerovum calderoni 12.4.41 Trematodes, Prohemistomum vivax 12.4.42 Trematodes, Prosthodendrium molenkampi 12.4.43 Trematodes, Pseudamphistomum sp. 12.4.44 Trematodes, Psilorchis hominis 12.4.45 Trematodes, Pygidiopsis summa 12.4.46 Trematodes, Stellantchasmus sp. 12.4.47 Trematodes, Stictodora fuscatum 12.4.48 Trematodes, Watsonius watsoni 12.5 Other worm infections: Acanthocephala 12.5.1 Acanthocephala, General 12.5.2 Acanthocephala, Acanthocephalus rauschi 12.5.3 Acanthocephala, Bolbosoma sp. 12.5.4 Acanthocephala, Corynosoma strumosum 12.5.5 Acanthocephala, Macracanthorhynchus sp. 12.5.6 Acanthocephala, Moniliformis moniliformis 12.5.7 Acanthocephala, Pseudoacanthocephalus bufonis 12.6 Other worm infections: Pentastomida 12.6.1 Pentastomida, Armillifer sp. 12.6.2 Pentastomida, Liguatula serrata 12.6.3 Pentastomida, Pentastoma najae 12.7 Other worm infections: Turbellaria 12.7.1 Turbellaria, Bipalium sp. 13 Exercises
	Schistosomiasis 1 Summary 2 General 3 Geographical distribution 4 Life Cycle 5 Vector 6 Hosts 7 Clinical 7.1 Clinical, general 7.2 Clinical, Swimmer's itch 7.3 Acute symptoms, Katayama fever 7.4 Schistosomiasis, Ectopic localisations 7.5 Symptoms in chronic infections 7.5.1 Chronic schistosomiasis, General 7.5.2 Chronic schistosomiasis, Intestinal lesions 7.5.3 Chronic hepatosplenic schistosomiasis 7.5.4 Schistosomiasis, Ascites 7.5.5 Chronic schistosomiasis, Renal and urinary tract lesions 7.5.6 Chronic schistosomiasis, Cardiac and pulmonary lesions 7.5.7 Association with other infections 8 Infections with Schistosoma intercalatum and S. mattheei 9 Infection with Schistosoma mekongi 10 Diagnosis 10.1 Diagnosis, microscopy 10.2 Diagnosis, serology 10.3 Diagnosis, antigen detection 10.4 Diagnosis, eosinophiluria 10.5 Diagnosis, ultrasound 10.6 Diagnosis, biopsy 11 Treatment 12 Prevention 13 Exercises
	Filariasis 1 Summary 2 General 3 Lymphatic filariasis 3.1 Lymphatic filariasis, general 3.2 Lymphatic filariasis, geographical distribution 3.3 Lymphatic filariasis, transmission 3.4 Lymphatic filariasis, pathogenesis 3.5 Lymphatic filariasis, parasite genetics 3.6 Lymphatic filariasis, endosymbiont 3.7 Lymphatic filariasis, clinical features 3.7.1 Signs of inflammation 3.7.2 Signs of chronic obstruction: 3.7.3 Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, Weingarten’s syndrome. 3.7.4 Endomyocardial fibrosis 3.8 Lymphatic filariasis, parasitic diagnosis 3.9 Lymphatic filariasis, differential diagnosis lymphoedema 3.10 Lymphatic filariasis, treatment 3.10.1 General 3.10.2 Hygiene and antibiotics 3.10.3 Diethylcarbamazine or DEC 3.10.4 Ivermectin (Mectizan®, Stromectol®) 3.10.5 Albendazole 3.10.6 Amocarzine 3.10.7 Benzopyrones 3.10.8 Tetracyclines 3.10.9 Combination therapy 3.11 Lymphatic filariasis, prevention 3.12 Lymphatic filariasis, vector control 4 Onchocerciasis 4.1 Onchocerciasis, introduction 4.2 Onchocerciasis, distribution 4.3 Onchocerciasis, vector 4.4 Onchocerciasis, life cycle 4.5 Onchocerca volvulus : Endosymbiont 4.6 Onchocerciasis, clinical features 4.6.1 Onchocerciasis, Skin abnormalities 4.6.2 Onchocerciasis, Ocular lesions 4.7 Onchocerciasis, diagnosis 4.7.1 Detection of microfilariae in a skin snip 4.7.2 Detection of microfilariae in skin fluid. 4.7.3 Detection of microfilariae at other sites 4.7.4 Nodulectomy 4.7.5 Slitlamp examination 4.7.6 Mazzotti test 4.7.7 Serology 4.7.8 Antigen detection 4.8 Onchocerciasis, treatment 4.8.1 Ivermectin (Mectizan®) 4.8.2 Suramin 4.8.3 Amocarzine 4.8.4 Tetracyclines 4.8.5 Nodulectomy 4.9 Onchocerciasis, prevention 4.9.1 OCP 4.9.2 APOC 4.9.3 OEPA 5 Loiasis 5.1 Loiasis, introduction 5.2 Loiasis, clinical features 5.3 Loiasis, diagnosis 5.4 Loiasis, treatment 5.5 Loiasis, prevention 6 Mansonella perstans 6.1 Mansonella perstans, vector 6.2 Mansonella perstans, distribution 6.3 Mansonella perstans, clinical features 6.4 Mansonella perstans, diagnosis 6.5 Mansonella perstans, treatment 7 Mansonella streptocerca 7.1 Mansonella streptocerca, general 7.2 Mansonella streptocerca, clinical features 7.3 Mansonella streptocerca, diagnosis 7.4 Mansonella streptocerca, treatment 8 Mansonella ozzardi 8.1 Mansonella ozzardi, general 8.2 Mansonella ozzardi, clinical features and diagnosis 8.3 Mansonella ozzardi, treatment 9 Overview of characteristics of microfilariae 10 Dirofilariasis and other zoonotic filariases 11 Dracunculiasis 11.1 Dracunculiasis, general 11.2 Dracunculiasis, life cycle 11.3 Dracunculiasis, clinical features 11.4 Dracunculiasis, treatment 11.5 Dracunculiasis, prevention 12 Exercises
	Snakes 1 Summary 2 Description 2.1 Description, general 2.2 Description, scales and colour 2.3 Description, heat sensors and Jacobson´s organ 2.4 Description, eyes 2.5 Description, food and body heat 2.6 Description, venom gland 2.7 Description, jaws and teeth 3 Taxonomy 3.1 Taxonomy, introduction 3.2 Taxonomy, vipers (Viperidae) 3.2.1 General 3.2.2 Daboia russelli 3.2.3 Bitis arietans 3.2.4 Bitis nasicornis 3.2.5 Vipera lebetina 3.2.6 Cerastes cerastes 3.2.7 Vipera berus (Common viper or adder) 3.2.8 Bitis gabonica 3.2.9 Echis carinatus complex 3.2.10 Causus sp. 3.3 Taxonomy, pit vipers (Crotalidae) 3.3.1 General 3.3.2 Agkistrodon sp. 3.3.3 Crotalus sp. 3.3.4 Lachesis 3.3.5 Bothrops sp., Lance-head pit vipers 3.3.6 Calloselasma rhodostoma 3.3.7 Trimeresurus sp 3.3.8 Bothriechis sp. 3.4 Taxonomy, burrowing vipers or Atractaspididae 3.5 Taxonomy, Elapidae 3.5.1 Cobras 3.5.2 Coral snakes 3.5.3 Bungarus sp. : Kraits 3.5.4 Dendroaspis sp. : Mambas 3.6 Taxonomy, sea snakes or Hydrophiidae 3.7 Taxonomy, Colubridae 3.8 Taxonomy, Boidae 4 Distribution 4.1 Distribution, general 4.2 Distribution, most important snakes 4.3 Distribution, simplified classification 5 Snake venom 5.1 Snake venom, composition 5.2 Snake venom, necrosis 5.3 Snake venom, paralysis 5.4 Snake venom, haemorrhages 6 Clinic 6.1 Clinic, general 6.2 Clinic, local cytotoxicity 6.3 Clinic, cardiovascular toxicity 6.4 Clinic, haemostasis disturbances 6.5 Clinic, neurotoxic effects 6.6 Clinic, muscle toxicity 6.7 Clinic, kidney toxicity 6.8 Clinic, eye lesions 6.9 Clinic, rule of thumb 6.10 Clinic, prognosis after snakebite - example 6.11 Clinic, summary 7 Treatment 7.1 Treatment, initial 7.2 Treatment, upon arrival in hospital 7.3 Treatment, if respiratory paralysis 7.4 Treatment, hyperkalaemia 7.5 Treatment, antivenom 7.6 Treatment, side effects of antivenom 7.7 Treatment, antivenom - new therapeutic developments 7.8 Treatment, monitoring antivenom therapy 7.9 Treatment, complications 7.10 Treatment, snakebite during pregnancy 7.11 Treatment, errors in evaluation/treatment of snakebite 8 Prevention 9 Antisera - Europe 10 Examples of antisera 11 Exercises
	Scorpions 1 General 2 Biology 3 Reproduction 4 Differences from other arthropods 5 Taxonomy 5.1 Taxonomy, general 5.2 Taxonomy, families 5.3 Taxonomy, genera 6 Distribution 7 Scorpion venom 8 Clinic 8.1 Clinic, general 8.2 Clinic, local effects 8.3 Clinic, systemic effects 9 Scorpion stings 9.1 Scorpion stings, diagnosis 9.2 Scorpion stings, differential diagnosis 9.3 Scorpion stings, treatment 10 Prevention
	Spiders 1 Summary 2 General 3 Body structure 4 Venom glands and venom 5 Species 5.1 Spider species, Loxosceles 5.2 Spider species, Latrodectus 5.3 Spider species, Atrax and other funnel-web spiders 5.4 Spider species, Phoneutria 5.5 Spiders species, Lycosa 5.6 Spiders species, bird spiders and their relatives 5.7 Spider species, Tegenaria 5.8 Spider species, Lampona 5.9 Spider species, Chiracanthium 5.10 Spider species, various others of minor interest
	Haematology 1 Sickle cell anaemia 1.1 Sickle cell anaemia, general 1.2 Sickle cell anaemia, haemoglobin 1.2.1 Haemoglobin structure 1.2.2 Haemoglobin S 1.3 Sickle cell anaemia, geographical distribution 1.4 Sickle cell anaemia, physiopathology 1.5 Sickle cell anaemia, heredity 1.5.1 Heterozygosity ("sickle cell trait") 1.5.2 Homozygosity 1.5.3 Double heterozygotes 1.6 Sickle cell anaemia, clinical overview 1.7 Sickle cell anaemia, clinical presentation 1.7.1 Haemolysis 1.7.2 Acute haematological crisis 1.7.3 Thrombosis 1.7.4 Eye problems 1.7.5 Autosplenectomy 1.7.6 Acute chest syndrome 1.7.7 Pulmonary hypertension 1.8 Sickle cell anaemia, diagnosis 1.8.1 Laboratory 1.8.2 Prenatal diagnosis 1.8.3 Foetal tissue sampling 1.9 Sickle cell anaemia, treatment 1.9.1 General 1.9.2 Maintenance treatment 1.9.3 What should be done in the event of a sickle cell crisis? 1.9.4 Priapism 1.9.5 What happens if an operation is carried out? 1.9.6 Prenatal 1.9.7 New possibilities and experimental data 2 Other haemoglobinopathies 2.1 Haemoglobin C 2.2 Haemoglobin D 2.3 Haemoglobin E 3 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency 3.1 G6PD deficiency, general 3.2 G6PD deficiency, clinical presentation 3.3 G6PD deficiency, laboratory 3.4 G6PD deficiency, hereditary transmission 3.5 G6PD deficiency, biochemical background 3.5.1 Glutathione 3.5.2 G6PD, Catalase 4 Beta thalassaemia 4.1 Beta thalassaemia, general 4.2 Beta thalassaemia, genes 4.3 Beta thalassaemia, mutations 4.4 Beta thalassaemia, clinical presentation 4.4.1 Beta thalassaemia minor 4.4.2 Beta thalassaemia major 4.5 Beta halassaemia, laboratory 4.6 Beta thalassaemia, prevention 4.7 Beta thalassaemia, therapy 5 Alfa thalassaemia 6 Onyalai 6.1 Onyalai, general 6.2 Onyalai, clinical aspects 6.3 Onyalai, diagnosis 6.4 Onyalai, differential diagnosis 6.5 Onyalai, treatment 7 Exercises
	Marine biotoxins 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction, general 1.2 Introduction, plankton 1.3 Introduction, diatoms 1.4 Introduction, dinoflagellates 1.5 Introduction, algal blooms 1.6 Introduction, eutrophication 1.6.1 Eutrophication, general 1.6.2 Measures to combat eutrophication: 1.6.3 Monitoring of algal blooms 2 Ciguatera 2.1 Ciguatera, summary 2.2 Ciguatera, general 2.3 Ciguatera, history 2.4 Ciguatera, distribution 2.5 Ciguatera, Gambierdiscus toxicus 2.5.1 Gambierdiscus toxicus, General 2.5.2 Accumulation of poison in the food chain 2.6 Ciguatera, Toxins 2.7 Ciguatera, clinical aspects 2.8 Ciguatera, diagnosis 2.9 Ciguatera, treatment 2.10 Ciguatera, prophylaxis 2.10.1 Monitoring of dinoflagellates. 2.10.2 Monitoring fish stocks 2.10.3 Ciguatera, Detection of poison 2.11 Ciguatera, fish species 3 Shellfish-associated Biotoxins 3.1 Shellfish-associated biotoxins, summary 3.2 Shellfish-associated biotoxins, general 3.3 Shellfish-associated medical problems 3.4 Shellfish-associated biotoxins, toxic dinoflagellates 3.5 Shellfish-associated biotoxins, persistence of toxins 3.6 Shellfish-associated biotoxins, clinical aspects 3.6.1 PSP 3.6.2 NSP 3.6.3 DSP 3.6.4 ASP 3.7 Shellfish-associated biotoxins, summary of clinical aspects 3.8 Shellfish-associated biotoxins, monitoring 4 Medical problems due to Pfiesteria piscicida 5 Conus stings 6 Haff disease 6.1 Haff disease, history 6.2 Haff disease, clinical aspects 6.3 Haff disease, treatment 7 Marine biotoxins, Scombroid intoxication 8 Tetrodotoxin 8.1 Tetrodotoxin intoxication, general 8.2 Tetrodotoxin intoxication, clinical aspects 8.3 Tetrodotoxin intoxication, treatment 9 Cnidaria 9.1 Cnidaria, general 9.2 Cnidaria, anatomy 9.3 Cnidaria, taxonomy 9.3.1 Hydrozoa 9.3.2 Anthozoa. 9.3.3 Scyphozoa or true jellyfish. 9.3.4 Cubozoa 9.4 Cnidaria, symbionts 9.5 Green fluorescent protein 9.6 Cnidaria, cnidae 9.7 Cnidaria, pathology 10 Other toxic marine fauna 11 Medical problems caused by sea urchins 12 Medical problems after skin contact with water 13 Piranhas
	Medical problems caused by plants 1 Plants, Introduction 1.1 Plants, general 1.2 Plants, medical applications, e.g. "the pill" 2 Plant toxins 2.1 Plant toxins, general 2.2 Plant, notorious toxins 2.3 Classification of plant poisons 2.3.1 Alkaloids 2.3.2 Glycosides 2.3.3 Tannins 2.3.4 Proteins 2.3.5 Oxalic acid and oxalates 2.3.6 Antivitamins 2.3.7 Photosensitising and contact-sensitising substances 2.3.8 Oestrogens 2.3.9 Volatile etheric oils 3 Plants, physico-chemical skin irritation 4 Phytodermatitis and phytophotodermatitis 5 Plant, Allergy 5.1 Plant allergy, general 5.2 Coeliakie, gluten enteropathy 5.3 Rubber allergy 5.3.1 Rubber, history 5.3.2 Rubber, plant 5.3.3 Rubber tapping 5.3.4 Alternative sources of rubber 5.3.5 Rubber, processing 5.3.6 Rubber, latex allergy 5.3.7 Rubber allergy, clinical aspects 5.3.8 Rubber allergy tests 6 Plant toxins, cardiac glycosides 7 Plant toxins, Veno-occlusive disease 8 Plant toxins, Epidemic dropsy 8.1 Epidemic dropsy, General 8.2 Epidemic dropsy, Toxin 8.3 Epidemic dropsy, Plant 8.4 Epidemic dropsy, Adulteration of oil 8.5 Epidemic dropsy, Epidemics 8.6 Epidemic dropsy, Clinical 8.7 Epidemic dropsy, Diagnosis and treatment 8.8 Epidemic dropsy, Detection of toxin in oil 9 Plant toxins, Ricin 9.1 Ricin, general 9.2 Ricin, castor oil 9.3 Ricin, toxin 9.4 Ricin toxin, application 9.5 Ricin, toxic dose 9.6 Ricin, clinical aspects – diagnosis – treatment 10 Plant toxins, Ackee poisoning 10.1 Ackee poisoning, summary 10.2 Ackee poisoning, history 10.3 Ackee poisoning, the plant 10.4 Ackee poisoning, poisonous constituents 10.5 Ackee poisoning, epidemiology 10.6 Ackee poisoning, clinical aspects 10.7 Ackee poisoning, differential diagnosis 10.8 Ackee poisoning, diagnosis 10.9 Ackee poisoning, treatment 10.10 Ackee poisoning, prevention 11 Plant toxins, Lathyrism 11.1 Lathyrism, summary 11.2 Lathyrism, general 11.3 Lathyrism, the plant 11.4 Lathyrism, history 11.5 Lathyrism, poison 11.6 Lathyrism, clinical aspects 11.6.1 Neurolathyrism 11.6.2 Osteolathyrism 11.7 Lathyrism, diagnosis 11.8 Lathyrism, treatment 11.9 Lathyrism, prevention 12 Lytico-bodig 12.1 Guam, history 12.2 Evolution of the disease 12.3 Other geographical areas 12.4 Clinical aspects 12.5 Aetiology 12.6 Brain pathology 12.7 Cycads 12.8 Toxin 12.9 Fruit Bats 12.10 Cyanobacteria 13 Plant toxins, Konzo 13.1 Konzo, summary 13.2 Konzo, definition 13.3 Konzo, epidemiology 13.4 Konzo, aetiology 13.5 Konzo, cassava, general 13.6 Konzo, cassava and cyanide 13.7 Konzo, clinical aspects 13.8 Konzo, physical examination 13.9 Konzo, diagnosis 13.10 Konzo, treatment 13.11 Konzo, prevention 14 Opium, morphine, heroin and methadone 15 Acetylcholine and synaptic toxins 15.1 Acetylcholine, general 15.2 Neuromuscular junction - Curare 15.3 Muscarine receptors 15.4 Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors 15.5 Pralidoxime 15.6 Anticholinergics
	Mycotoxins 1 General 2 Ergotism 2.1 Ergotism, summary 2.2 Ergotism, general 2.3 Ergotism, historical overview 2.4 Ergotism, toxins 2.5 Ergotism, other sources 2.6 Ergotism, clinical aspects 2.7 Ergotism, animals 2.8 Ergotism, medical applications 2.9 Ergotism, treatment 2.10 Ergotism, prevention 3 Aflatoxins 3.1 Aflatoxins, historical overview 3.2 Aflatoxins, toxins 3.3 Aflatoxins, detection 3.4 Aflatoxins, toxic effects in animals 3.5 Aflatoxins, clinical aspects 4 Comparison of selected toxins
	Arsenic poisoning 1 General 2 Arsenic in drinking water 3 Geochemistry 4 Applications 4.1 Arsenic, economic applications 4.2 Arsenic contained in medicine 4.3 Arsenic, Lewisite and BAL 5 Normal exposure to arsenic 5.1 Humans, normal exposure to arsenic 5.2 Arsenic in animals 6 Arsenic poisoning 6.1 Homicidal poisoning 6.2 Accidental poisoning 7 Clinical 7.1 Acute poisoning 7.2 Chronic poisoning 8 Diagnosis 9 Treatment of acute intoxication 10 Prevention 11 Soil remediation 12 Addendum, Water 12.1 Water, general 12.2 Water shortage 12.3 Sources of water 12.4 Total water, salt water and fresh water. 12.5 Water, evaporation and transpiration 12.6 Water, precipitation 12.7 Groundwater 12.8 Water turn over 12.9 Renewable water resources 12.10 Non-renewable water resources
	Vitamin deficiencies 1 General 2 Beriberi 2.1 Beriberi, summary 2.2 Beriberi, thiamine - general 2.3 Beriberi, historical overview 2.4 Beriberi, rice 2.5 Beriberi, thiamine deficiency 2.6 Beriberi, clinical aspects 2.7 Beriberi, diagnosis and treatment 2.8 Beriberi, prophylaxis 3 Pellagra 3.1 Pellagra, summary 3.2 Pellagra, general 3.3 Pellagra, niacin 3.4 Pellagra, aetiology 3.5 Pellagra, clinical aspects 3.6 Pellagra, diagnosis 3.7 Pellagra, treatment 4 Scurvy 4.1 Scurvy, summary 4.2 Scurvy, general 4.3 Scurvy, ascorbic acid 4.4 Scurvy, collagen 4.5 Scurvy, aetiology 4.6 Scurvy, clinical aspects 4.7 Scurvy, differential diagnosis 4.8 Scurvy, diagnosis 4.9 Scurvy, treatment 4.9.1 Treatment: historical note 4.9.2 Treatment: current practice 4.10 Scurvy, prophylaxis 5 Rickets - osteomalacia 5.1 Rickets - osteomalacia, summary 5.2 Rickets - osteomalacia, general 5.3 Rickets - osteomalacia, nomenclature 5.4 Rickets - osteomalacia, metabolic conversions of vitamin D 5.5 Rickets – osteomalacia, aetiology 5.6 Rickets - osteomalacia, clinical aspects 5.7 Rickets - osteomalacia, laboratory findings 5.8 Rickets - osteomalacia, overview 5.9 Rickets - osteomalacia, differential diagnosis 5.10 Rickets - osteomalacia, treatment 5.11 Rickets - osteomalacia, prophylaxis 5.12 Rickets - osteomalacia, vitamin D intoxication 6 VITAMIN A 6.1 Vitamin A Physiology 6.1.1 Vitamin A and provitamin A 6.1.2 Metabolism 6.1.3 Vitamin A activities 6.2 Importance of the problem 6.3 Diagnosis of vitamin A deficiency 6.3.1 Definitions 6.3.2 Clinical picture 6.3.3 Biochemical diagnosis 6.3.4 Impression cytology 6.4 Vitamin A deficiency as a Public Health problem 6.5 Causes of vitamin A deficiency 6.5.1 Insufficient intake 6.5.2 Increased needs 6.5.3 PEM 6.6 Recommended daily intakes 6.7 Treatment 6.8 Prophylaxis 6.8.2 Change in dietary intake 6.8.3 Vitamin A fortification 6.8.4 Distribution of large dose vitamin A capsules 6.9 Vitamin A toxicity 6.9.1 Acute hypervitaminosis 6.9.2 Chronic hypervitaminosis 6.9.3 Teratogenicity
	Familial Mediterranean fever 1 Summary 2 General 3 The gene 4 The protein 5 Occurrence in the population 6 Clinical aspects 7 Diagnosis 8 Differential diagnosis 9 Treatment
	Ectoparasites 1 Fleas 1.1 Fleas, general 1.2 Fleas, tungiasis 2 Lice 2.1 Lice, general 2.2 Lice, pubic lice 2.3 Lice, body and head lice 3 Mites 3.1 Mites, general 3.2 Mites, house dust mite 3.3 Mites, scabies 3.4 Mites, hair follicle and sebaceous gland mites. 3.5 Mites, grain mites 3.6 Mites, Cheyletiella mites 3.7 Mites, bird mites. 3.8 Mites, harvest mites 4 Ticks 4.1 Ticks, general 4.2 Ticks as vectors 4.3 Ticks, Argasidae 4.4 Ticks, Ixodidae 4.5 Tick paralysis 4.6 Ticks prevention 4.7 Removing ticks 5 Myiasis 5.1 Myiasis, general 5.2 Myiasis, Cordylobia anthropophaga 5.3 Myiasis, Auchmeromyia senegalensis 5.4 Myiasis, Dermatobia hominis 5.5 Myiasis, screw worms 5.6 Myiasis, metallic flies 5.7 Myiasis, Sarcophagidae 5.8 Myiasis, Hypoderma sp. and Gastrophilus sp. 5.9 Myiasis, tabanids 6 Bed bugs 7 Beetles and blister beetle dermatitis 7.1 Beetles, general 7.2 Beetles, carpet dermatitis 7.3 Blister beetles, general 7.4 Blister beetles, species 7.5 Bombardier beetles 7.6 Blister beetles, toxins 7.7 Blister beetles, clinical features 7.8 Blister beetles, consequences for animals 7.9 Blister beetles, treatment 7.10 Cantharidin, therapeutic applications 8 Erucism and lepidopterism 8.1 Erucism and lepidopterism, general 8.2 Erucism and lepidopterism, urticating hairs 8.3 Oak processionary caterpillar: general 9 Leeches 9.1 Leeches, general 9.2 Leeches, bites 9.3 Leeches and bacterial symbionts 9.4 Leeches, medical applications 9.5 Leeches, symptoms and treatment 9.6 Leeches, examples of species
	Medical mycology 1 General remarks 1.1 Mycology, introduction 1.2 Mycology, epidemiology 1.3 Mycology, diagnosis and laboratory tests 2 Superficial mycoses 2.1 Superficial mycoses, dermatophytoses 2.1.1 Tinea, Definition 2.1.2 Tinea, Causative agents 2.1.3 Tinea, Sources of infection 2.1.4 Tinea, Clinical presentations